I can't find this information anywhere -- how much energy is applied per pulse by a typical pacemaker? I'm sure it depends on lead implantation and so on, but there must be some reasonable range used for the design of the devices. A related question I'm also having trouble answering is "what is the typical pain threshold for cardiac stimulation?". Any pointers to answers are welcome. The fact that most of the (potentially) relevant papers are locked up and not indexed by Google is not helping.